Study of filigree patterns for biomedical jewellery applications
Keywords: Filigree, Medicine, Jewellery, Bone fracture fixation
Project’s Acronym
FIOS
FCT Funding
48.071,00€
Project Duration
12 months
Team
Olga Noronha
Rafael Coelho
José Simões
António Ramos
Margarida Azevedo
José Carlos Noronha
Catarina Miranda
Beatriz Correia
Published research has come about through considering sites on and in the body at different archaeological layers (from outer to inner physical space) viz. orthotics, subdermal, exodermal, exo-corporeal and intracorporeal jewellery. These layers present a series of medical jewels that recognise science, jewellery and technology as accomplices to the repair and enhancement of the self while adding value to the mended body. Rather than only a medium for expression, the repaired or fixed body becomes a locus for experience, symbolism and aestheticisation – the jewel is understood as to both aestheticise the body (it becomes you) and become integrated and integral to the body. Olga Noronha (PI of the project) in her practice-based thesis, “becoming the body”, indexes an aesthetic enhancement of the body; naturalisation in the body - as a body replacement or part of it; completion or repair of the body and a prosthetic enhancement. By moving jewellery to surgical repair, the research and its practices test the boundary/edge of what jewellery is and is not, what it may mobilise, and how it may perform. The discursive-ness of the practice is defined by understanding how the different designs perform in different situations, provoking and rising questions that are both specific to and cross contrasting scenarios. Therefore, by intending to minimise or deflect the negative and mutilating effect inherent to medical repair, medical jewellery seeks to comprehend how these speculative and propositional designs of aestheticised scientific technology and medical knowledge are emotionally and physically experienced, and what knowledge they gather and convey. As a hipper-valorisation of the circumstance, and beseeching self-pleasure by re-designing the body, emerges the potential of bejewelling medical and surgical components, turning these into pieces of exquisite jewellery that one does not wear for a public scenario but rather for what it means for the self, a hidden treasure, defying the conventional aim of adornment. Regarding biotechnological and biomedicine advances that allow the praxis of an object penetrating and perforating skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue and the possibility of inserting others in a deeper level within the body, by means of re-shaping one’s physicality, a concept of subdermal - bone fixation plates was proposed in Olga Noronha’s doctoral thesis. Set within orthopaedics, the primary objective of internal fixation (osteosynthesis) is to achieve immediately the total functionality of the injured limb with rapid rehabilitation of the patient. The procedure consists on the surgical implementation of metal plates, rods and/or screws for repairing a bone, which cannot permanently replace a broken bone, but must provide the necessary temporary support. Currently, elected materials are metals or metal alloys, including stainless steel and titanium, since these have high strength, good ductility and necessary biocompatibility. Stiffer fixation plates may be desirable in certain clinical situations; in others, a less rigid plate can be the best clinical solution. The biomechanical issues are related to the resistance-stiffness compromise for improved bone healing and fixation. Relating to osteosynthesis plates, studies reveal that it is apparently desirable that the bone plate transfers the load to the bone structures which are to be connected, allowing some degree of micro-mobility to stimulate the formation of the bone callus. It is of widespread opinion, that a less rigid plate might be functionally more appropriate, and that stiffness plays a key role throughout the bone fracture consolidation mechanism, allowing physiological micromobility for the formation of repair tissue. The project hereby proposed is to design, develop and test, on a scientific basis, osteosynthesis fixation bone plates using traditional jewellery manufacturing technique of filigree well established in the North of Portugal. The objective is to push forward the biojewellery concept to explore subdermal concept - bone fixation plates. Therefore, silver filigree bone plates will be designed (geometries) and tested as bone healing fixation elements. Different design geometry patterns will be experimentally tested and those presenting suitable stiffness/strength for adequate and physiological mechanobiology mechanisms will be selected to manufacture bone plate samples. Results of mechanical testing will answer the research question: On patient desire, can silver filigree osteosynthesis bone fixation plates (a biojewellery) be medically prescribed?
Investigação publicada examina o corpo em camadas ou níveis “arqueológicas” (do espaço físico exterior ao interior), sugerindo o desenvolvimento de joias ortopédicas, subdérmicas, exodérmicas, exocorporais e intracorpóreas. Estes níveis consideram um conjunto de joias de teor e propósito médicas que reconhecem a ciência e a tecnologia como cúmplices no tratamento e cura do “Eu-físico”, acrescentando-lhe valor estético. Mais que apenas um meio de expressão, o corpo tratado torna-se um locus de experiência, simbolismo e estetização -a joia é entendida como embelezador do corpo (“torna-se o corpo”) integra-se e passa a formar parte integral do corpo. Olga Noronha (PI) na sua tese, “Becoming the Body”, indexa um aprimoramento estético do corpo; naturalização no corpo-como uma substituição de parte do corpo; tratamento e/ou um aumento protésico. Transportando a joalharia para o ato cirúrgico, a pesquisa e suas práticas testam os limites do paradigma da “joia”; o que pode mobilizar e como pode atuar contemporaneamente. A discursividade da prática é definida pela compreensão de como os diferentes projetos se comportam em diferentes situações, provocando e levantando questões que são específicas em cenários contrastantes. Deste modo, ao tentar minimizar ou desviar o efeito negativo e mutilador inerente ao tratamento médico, as joias médicas buscam compreender como tais projetos especulativos e propositivos de tecnologia científica esteticizada e de saber médico são emocional e fisicamente experienciados e que conhecimento angariam e veiculam. Como uma hipervalorização da circunstância cirúrgica, e em busca de auto-prazer redesenhando o corpo, surge o potencial de transformar componentes médicos/cirúrgicos, tornando-os peças de joalharia ímpar, como que um tesouro escondido que desafia o objetivo convencional de adorno. Tendo em conta os presentes e futuros avanços a nível biotecnológico que permitem a práxis de um objeto penetrar e perfurar pele e tecido celular subcutâneo, e a possibilidade de inserção de outros materiais num nível mais profundo dentro do corpo, transformando-o numa superfície manipulável passível de reconfiguração física, um particular conceito de placas fixação óssea subdérmica foi proposto na tese de doutorado de Olga Noronha. No ramo da ortopedia, o objetivo principal da fixação interna (osteossíntese) é alcançar total e imediato retorno da funcionalidade do membro lesionado, promovendo a rápida reabilitação do paciente. O procedimento consiste na implementação cirúrgica de placas de metal, hastes e/ou parafusos para reparar o osso fraturado, não podendo tais substituir permanentemente o osso já cicatrizado, devendo sim fornecer o suporte temporário necessário. Atualmente, os materiais de eleição são metais ou ligas metálicas, incluindo aço inoxidável e titânio, pois possuem alta resistência, boa ductilidade e biocompatibilidade necessária. Placas de fixação mais rígidas podem ser desejáveis em certas situações clínicas; em outras, uma placa menos rígida pode ser a melhor solução clínica. As questões biomecânicas estão relacionadas com o compromisso resistência-rigidez para melhor cura e fixação óssea. Em relação às placas de osteossíntese, estudos revelam que é aparentemente desejável que a placa transfira a carga para as estruturas ósseas que serão ligadas, permitindo que algum grau de micromobilidade estimule a formação do calo ósseo. É de opinião generalizada que uma placa menos rígida pode ser funcionalmente mais apropriada e que a rigidez desempenha um papel fundamental em todo o mecanismo de consolidação da fratura óssea, permitindo a micromobilidade fisiológica para a formação de tecido reparador. O projeto proposto consiste em desenhar, desenvolver e testar, cientificamente, placas de fixação óssea, utilizando a técnica tradicional de filigrana, património cultural do norte de Portugal. O objetivo é avançar com o conceito de joalharia médica, para explorar placas de fixação óssea biofiligrana. Por fim, uma vez curado o osso, a placa de fixação poderá ser extraída e transformada numa joia usável, como por exemplo uma pulseira, anel, pendente, dependendo da sua dimensão original. Assim, placas ósseas de filigrana de prata serão projetadas e testadas como elementos de fixação da cicatrização óssea. Diferentes padrões de geometria (como por exemplo SS, espirais, rodilhões\crespos, escamas, caracóis, caramujos e cornucópias) de projeto serão experimentalmente testados e aqueles que apresentarem rigidez/resistência adequadas para a mecanobiologia fisiológica serão selecionados para fabricar amostras de placas ósseas. Os resultados dos ensaios mecânicos destas placas permitirão responder à principal questão de investigação: Podem as placas de fixação óssea de osteossíntese em filigrana ser prescritas clinicamente?
Preserving cultural heritage while developing new scientifical purposes for its application.
Filigree is a technique to manufacture jewelery objects of great cultural tradition in certain regions of Portugal. In this context, it should be noted that, in addition to the perspective of scientific intervention proposed with this project, it is important to preserve cultural heritage, as well as to promote cultural and social development, with repercussions in the medium and long term in the country, especially in the municipalities where the industry still prevails. Economic issues are also relevant to the sector ́s survival that it is not possible to ignore. The proposed project aims to disseminate and share the knowledge of ancient filigree art, an inheritance passed down through generations, in an attempt to ensure its continuity, in an innovative perspective of combining it with medical devices that can be converted to jewels. This new innovative perspective opens a new path for the use of filigree that can add its share to the sustainable development of the “filigree” regions. In this way, the objective is to foster the revitalization of the craft of filigree and promote the awareness of stakeholders and political power in the defence of cultural heritage, fostering regional cooperation, in an era of globalization that threatens the cultural identity of communities.
Plan and Methods
The proposed exploratory project aims only part of a more ambitious project of multifactorial dimensions including scientific areas such as art, design, medicine, materials and technology, psychology and sociology. The art, design, psychology and sociological dimensions of the proposal, has been significantly studied by Olga Noronha in her doctoral thesis – What extent can jewellery, science and technology come together in relation to the human body? Her research gathers public reflection on the work to evaluate the way it is read and is meaningful in different contexts. In order to understand how the work contributes and provokes traction, the practice has been made public in numerous contexts (viz. art galleries, a fashion show and several engineering and medical conferences). This allowed Olga to advance the understanding/meaning of the work by different communities of practice, which ultimately gave rise to discussions on new directions of social rituals and on the merging of aesthetics and ethics.
The main objective of the project is to make a proof-of-concept to design bone fracture plates in filigree materials and patterns and test these plates mechanically to verify if they are suitable to be applied in an in vivo surgery context.
The research plan includes 3 main tasks: 1-Project management and dissemination; 2-Design of filigree geometry patterns; and 3-Prototyping filigree bone plates & mechanical testing. Tasks 2 and 3 are interconnected and will be articulated in a reverse design methodology, since project decisions depend on the output results to be obtained within each task. To develop the project, a multidisciplinary team (surgeons, material engineers, biomechanics and designers) of researchers with complementary experience and skills necessary for the good development of the project was gathered.
Tasks
Task 1
A task will be devoted to the management and dissemination of the project. A national colloquium will be held to present the results of the project, particularly the new concept bone healing plates. This task is to be coordinated by Olga Noronha and José Simões.
Task 2
Creative filigree geometry patterns will be designed that will be prototyped. Filigree geometry patterns will be explored and redesigned based on a thorough investigation of the existing filigree techniques and pattern variations. A study will be made on the common components and structuring process of typical Portuguese filigree, understanding how the different parts that form the overall structure can be reconsidered in dimension and decoration for the purpose hereby exposed. As a matter of specification, it is anticipated that the thicker structure that holds the thinner wires, known as ‘esqueleto’, may have to be reconsidered in its geometric wire section from square/rectangular to half-round. As the for the decorative elements know as ‘ SS, espirais, rodilhões/crespos, escamas, caracóis, caramujos e cornucópias’, these may also have to be reconsidered in thickness and morphology. This task will be coordinated by Olga Noronha and has the collaboration of one master student.
Task 3
Plates designed in the previous task will be prototyped and mechanically tested. These prototyped plates will be evaluated concerning manufacturing issues to anticipate possible problems in obtaining the filigree patterns. Issues related to geometry and wires (diameter sizes) can be corrected in this phase of the project. Room Temperature Vacuum and Rapid Tooling will be used to obtain quasi real plates. A trial-on-error will be established between task 2 and task 3.
To manufacture silver biofiligree bone fracture plates, all manufacturing problems, like cracking, will be analysed and solved aiming the set-up of a reliable fabrication process. Some fabrication problems can raise in the processing of the starting materials, some due to the casting grain. In fact, this is an important task to avoid problems like: poor quality of the starting materials, including scarp, that can induce contamination and possible embrittlement; poor melting properties, leading to casting defects and/or gas porosity and blisters, incorporation of inclusions, excessive shrinkage porosity, and segregation; stress corrosion cracking in some silver alloys; and incorrect annealing. In fact, due to the types of materials to be used, this task is fundamental to fabricate adequate plates for mechanical testing. A rigorous control of starting materials will be made.
Prototypes plates will be characterized with tensile and 3-point bending mechanical tests according to adequate e standardizations. As control, conventional stainless steel plates will also be placed in identical synthetic bones. The overall analysis of the bone fracture healing system will give us a scientific insight of the biomechanical behavior of novel filigree bone plates to be used in the near future in in vivo surgeries.